Solar PV and Hybrid Energy Storage System for Smart Energy Communities 

Overview:

• This project focuses on designing and implementing a sustainable energy solution utilizing solar photovoltaic (PV) technology combined with hybrid energy storage systems.
• The goal is to create an efficient and reliable energy system suitable for smart energy communities, integrating renewable energy sources with energy storage for optimal energy management.

Key Components:

1. Solar PV System Design:
   • Utilized Helioscope software to design a solar PV system tailored to the energy needs of smart energy communities.
   • Analyzed local solar irradiance data and site characteristics to optimize system layout and configuration.
   • Implemented best practices in solar panel placement and orientation to maximize energy generation efficiency.
2. Hybrid Energy Storage System Design:
   • Developed a hybrid energy storage system model using Homer Pro software, integrating multiple storage technologies such as batteries and fuel cells.
   • Conducted techno-economic analysis to determine the optimal mix of energy storage technologies based on cost-effectiveness and performance criteria.
   • Explored innovative approaches to energy storage, considering factors such as energy density, cycle life, and charging/discharging efficiency.
3. Onsite Hydrogen Generation Potential:
   • Investigated the potential for onsite hydrogen generation as part of the hybrid energy storage system.
   • Conducted feasibility studies and provided recommendations for incorporating hydrogen generation technologies, considering factors such as resource availability and infrastructure requirements.
   • Explored synergies between solar PV generation and hydrogen production to enhance overall system efficiency and sustainability.
4. Optimization and Sustainability:
   • Optimized the design to minimize both economic and environmental impacts, focusing on reducing the carbon footprint and enhancing energy self-sufficiency.
   • Employed advanced simulation tools and analytical methods to assess system performance under various operating conditions and scenarios.
   • Integrated smart energy management strategies to ensure efficient utilization of renewable energy resources and energy storage capacity.

Outcome:

• The project resulted in the development of a comprehensive solar PV and hybrid energy storage system tailored to the specific requirements of smart energy communities.
• By harnessing renewable energy sources and implementing innovative energy storage solutions, the project aims to contribute to sustainability goals and promote energy independence in communities.

Power Generation from Renewable Energy - Electrical Services Design

1. Introduction to Electrical System Design:

• Explanation of the importance of protecting live conductors against overload using protective devices like fuses, MCCBs, or RCBOs.
• Criteria for selecting protective devices based on cable design current, current carrying capacity, and protective device rating.

2. Voltage Drop Management:

• Discussion on voltage drop in electrical distribution systems and its impact on equipment performance.
• Reference to BS 7671 for allowable percentage voltage drops based on different types of installations.
• Calculation and verification of voltage drops for specific circuits to ensure compliance with standards.

3. Prospective Short Circuit Current Analysis:

• Importance of calculating prospective short circuit current (PSCC) to ensure proper selection of protective devices.
• Explanation of how PSCC impacts equipment safety and system effectiveness.
• Calculation and verification of PSCC for each circuit to ensure protective device adequacy.

4. Earth Fault Loop Impedance Considerations:

• Significance of limiting earth fault loop impedance to ensure safety in the event of a fault.
• Calculation and comparison of earth fault loop impedance values against maximum allowable limits.
• Verification of protective device capability in disconnecting circuits under fault conditions.

5. Adiabatic Equation and Circuit Protection:

• Application of the adiabatic equation to ensure circuit protective conductors can safely carry fault currents.
• Calculation and verification of conductor sizing based on the adiabatic equation.
• Selection of appropriate cable sizes to prevent overheating and ensure safety.

6. Micro Generator Integration:

• Overview of the connection of a wind turbine generator to a dedicated circuit through power electronics setup.
• Consideration of design criteria and protective measures for integrating micro generators into electrical systems.
• Discussion on the impact of generator connection on system parameters such as short circuit current and earth fault loop impedance.

7. Conclusion and References:

• Summary of key findings and achievements in electrical services design.
• Reference to relevant standards, textbooks, and resources used in the assignment.

Performance Analysis of Commercial Reciprocating Chiller

Executive Summary

This report presents a detailed performance analysis of a commercial reciprocating chiller based on steady-state testing. Key performance parameters including cooling capacity, coefficient of performance (COP), and efficiency metrics were investigated to provide actionable insights for optimizing chiller operation.

Introduction

The objective of this study was to assess the performance characteristics of a commercial reciprocating chiller under different operating conditions. Steady-state tests were conducted with variations in condenser and evaporator water temperatures to evaluate the chiller's efficiency and effectiveness.

Results and Analysis

The performance characteristics of the reciprocating chiller were analyzed based on the following key parameters:

• Cooling Capacity: Varied significantly with changes in evaporator and condenser temperatures. Higher evaporator temperatures generally resulted in increased cooling capacity, whereas higher condenser temperatures had the opposite effect.
• Coefficient of Performance (COP): Showed a direct relationship with evaporator temperature, indicating improved efficiency at higher temperatures. However, COP decreased with higher condenser temperatures.
• Isentropic Efficiency: Demonstrated sensitivity to both evaporator and condenser temperatures, with notable improvements at higher evaporator temperatures.

Discussion

The analysis revealed the critical impact of operating temperatures on the chiller's performance. Optimizing evaporator and condenser temperatures is essential for achieving maximum efficiency and cooling capacity.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, operating the chiller at specific temperature settings (e.g., evaporator temperature of 10°C and condenser temperature of 30°C) can significantly enhance its performance, leading to improved efficiency and cooling capacity.

Recommendations

To optimize the performance of the reciprocating chiller:

• Maintain evaporator temperature within the recommended range.
• Monitor and control condenser temperature to maximize efficiency.
• Regularly inspect and maintain the chiller system to ensure optimal performance.

Waste to Energy: Gasification Fuel Cell System

Overview:

The assignment evaluated an Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) system as an alternative to the existing incineration plant at Hillington Hospital. This analysis aimed to address operational issues and emissions concerns, exploring the feasibility of replacing or integrating this system for improved technical, economic, and environmental outcomes.

Key Components Explored:

• Gasification Process:
• Detailed exploration of gasification techniques (e.g., fixed bed, fluidized bed) for converting waste into syngas.
• Fuel Cell Technologies:
• Overview of different fuel cell types (e.g., PEMFC, SOFC) and their suitability for power generation applications.
• Technical Assessment:
• Examination of feedstock characteristics, pre-treatment requirements, gasifier reactors, syngas clean-up, and fuel cell integration.
• Economic Analysis:
• Assessment of capital and operational costs, payback period, and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and gas (LCOG) production.
• Government Support:
• Exploration of governmental schemes and incentives supporting renewable energy projects like IGFC systems.
• Environmental Impact:
• Analysis of CO2 emissions reduction through IGFC implementation compared to traditional incineration methods.

Value Proposition:

The project highlights the potential benefits of implementing IGFC systems in healthcare settings, emphasizing cost-effectiveness, reduced emissions, and government support for renewable energy initiatives.

Visuals and Data Representation:

• Utilization of figures, tables, and diagrams to illustrate gasification and fuel cell processes, technical assessments, economic outcomes, and environmental impact.

Conclusion:

The study concludes that IGFC systems offer a viable, environmentally friendly solution for waste-to-energy applications, particularly in healthcare facilities like Hillington Hospital, with tangible economic benefits and reduced carbon footprints.

Environmental Legislation Report For Ambrosia Landfill Site

Overview:

This assignment focuses on analyzing environmental legislation and proposing solutions for mitigating the impact of the Ambrosia Landfill Site on its surrounding community. By addressing concerns such as odour, litter, and environmental nuisances, the report aims to enhance environmental management practices and ensure compliance with relevant regulations.

Key Components:

1. Environmental Impact Assessment:

• Conducted a detailed assessment of the environmental impact of Ambrosia Landfill, including odour emissions, litter, and other nuisances affecting nearby residents.
• Identified specific challenges and concerns raised by the community due to landfill operations.

Environmental Management Process:

• Developed an Environmental Management System (EMS) framework to improve waste management practices and reduce environmental impact.
• Implemented a structured approach using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle to address environmental issues effectively.

Compliance with Environmental Laws:

• Evaluated compliance with key environmental laws and regulations, such as the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) and Environmental Protection Act 1990 Section 79(c)(d).
• Recommended measures to ensure adherence to legal requirements and minimize environmental risks.

Solutions and Recommendations:

• Proposed practical solutions to mitigate odour emissions, litter, and other environmental nuisances.
• Recommended the adoption of waste treatment processes, landfill gas recovery systems, and adherence to ISO 14002-2 standards for improved environmental management.

Benefits of Environmental Management System (EMS):

• Highlighted the benefits of implementing an EMS, such as enhanced regulatory compliance, improved community relations, and reduced environmental impact.

Conclusion and Action Plan:

• Summarized key findings and outlined an actionable plan for implementing recommended solutions.
• Emphasized the importance of continuous monitoring and improvement to ensure sustainable landfill operations and community satisfaction.

Outcome:

The Environmental Legislation Report for Ambrosia Landfill Site provides a comprehensive analysis of environmental challenges and proposes actionable strategies for improving waste management practices and reducing environmental impact. By integrating environmental legislation compliance and innovative solutions, the report aims to promote sustainable landfill operations and enhance the quality of life for surrounding residents.

This assignment underscores the importance of integrating legal frameworks with practical environmental management approaches to achieve long-term sustainability and regulatory compliance within the waste management sector.

Energy Evaluation of a Dairy Company with Recommendations for GHG Emissions Reduction

Executive Summary

This report evaluates a dairy plant in Corinth, Greece, with a goal of achieving a 100% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. It analyzes the plant's current energy consumption and proposes renewable energy solutions, including solar PV and biomass systems, using RETScreen software. The economic viability analysis revealed a payback period of 10.2 years for both systems, with a substantial reduction of 98% in GHG emissions compared to the base case.

Regulations

The report discusses key regulations such as the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) II, which sets a binding target for the EU to achieve 32% renewable energy by 2030. Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) aims for a 35% share of renewables by 2030, exceeding the EU target. Additionally, the European Green Deal outlines initiatives for climate neutrality by 2050, offering a policy framework to support clean technologies.

Obligations

According to Law 3468, renewable energy facilities in Greece must obtain licenses and approvals to ensure compliance with technical, safety, and environmental standards. The Distribution Network Operator, HEDNO, manages interconnections for renewable energy sources, requiring dairy plants to inform and obtain permission for solar PV installations.

Incentive Schemes

Greek laws like 4414/2016 (Feed-in Premium Scheme) and 4864/2021 (Renewable Energy Incentives) provide financial and regulatory incentives for renewable energy projects. These schemes aim to lower costs, expedite development, and incentivize clean energy production through premium payments and tax exemptions.

Benefits for Business

Implementing renewable energy offers long-term cost savings, revenue generation, and enhanced sustainability, appealing to customers, investors, and stakeholders. Businesses can improve their brand reputation, access low-interest loans, and benefit from tax incentives by prioritizing renewable technologies.

Energy Analysis of The Company

The dairy plant's energy-intensive processes require significant electricity and LPG consumption annually. Pastoral and heating equipment consumes large quantities of electricity and LPG, highlighting the need for renewable energy integration to reduce environmental impact.

Renewable Sources

Solar PV and biomass systems are proposed to meet the dairy plant's energy needs and reduce CO2 emissions. RETScreen software aids in designing solar PV systems based on climatic data, with Greece's solar potential making it ideal for solar energy harnessing.

GHG Emission Analysis

RETScreen software enables comparison between current and proposed energy sources, showcasing a 98% reduction in GHG emissions with solar PV and biomass systems. The economic viability analysis demonstrates a payback period of 10.2 years, making the investment economically feasible.

Recommendations And Future Work

Future recommendations include grid connectivity for energy reliability, waste utilization for biomass production, solar panel optimization through tracking, and energy management system implementation (ISO 50001). These measures aim to enhance energy efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness in dairy plant operations.

Conclusion

Integrating renewable technologies like solar PV and biomass is crucial for reducing GHG emissions and achieving energy independence in dairy plants. Despite initial investment costs, the proposed systems offer significant environmental and economic benefits, aligning with the plant's goal of GHG reduction by 2050. Incentive schemes and regulatory frameworks support the transition towards cleaner energy solutions in the dairy industry.

Design and Implementation of Solar Water Heating System in Alappuzha, India

Introduction

In response to the increasing demand for sustainable hot water solutions and the imperative to reduce carbon emissions, this portfolio presents a comprehensive design and implementation plan for a solar water heating system in Alappuzha, India. The project aims to harness solar thermal technologies to meet household hot water needs efficiently and cost-effectively.

Project Objectives

• Design a solar water heating system optimized for the climatic conditions of Alappuzha.
• Evaluate different solar thermal collector types and select the most suitable technology.
• Utilize the F-chart method for system sizing and performance assessment.
• Conduct economic and environmental analyses to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of the proposed system.

Methodology

1. Solar Thermal Technologies Analysis

• Comparative analysis of evacuated tube, unglazed, and glazed liquid flat-plate collectors.
• Selection criteria based on performance, cost-effectiveness, and climate suitability.

Geological and Climatic Data Utilization

• Incorporation of local climatic data (temperature, solar radiation, wind speed) into system design.
• Consideration of monthly variations to optimize system performance.

System Design and Sizing

• Application of the F-chart method for sizing collector area and evaluating system efficiency.
• Determination of primary (collector area) and secondary (flow rate, storage tank size) design variables.

Findings and Analysis

• Efficiency Assessment: Analysis of monthly and annual solar fractions for different collector sizes.
• Economic Viability: Calculation of investment costs, annual savings, and payback period.
• Environmental Impact: Quantification of CO2 emission savings and sustainability benefits.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The portfolio concludes with insights into the optimal design configuration and its benefits for the Alappuzha household. Recommendations are provided for future enhancements or adaptations based on project outcomes.

Key Learnings and Impact

• Technical Expertise: Application of solar thermal technologies and system design principles.
• Analytical Skills: Utilization of data-driven methods (F-chart) for system optimization.
• Sustainability Focus: Demonstrated commitment to renewable energy solutions and environmental impact reduction.

Post heading Building Services Design for Proposed Visitor Centre - Wilts and Berks Canal Trust 

Introduction

The portfolio encapsulates the design and energy optimization strategies for the proposed Visitor Centre at Templar's Firs, Royal Wootton Bassett. This comprehensive report integrates sustainable principles into building services, emphasizing energy efficiency, indoor comfort, and compliance with regulatory standards.

Project Objectives

• Evaluate building fabric energy efficiency and building services optimization.
• Design a sustainable building services outline for visitor comfort and reduced energy consumption.
• Analyze heat gain, heat loss, ventilation, and cooling energy requirements.
• Provide recommendations for achieving Passivhaus standards and reducing carbon footprint.

Regulatory Considerations

• Climate Change Act 2008: Legal targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Building Regulations (England and Wales): Compliance with energy efficiency standards (Approved Document L2A) and Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEES) Regulations 2018.
• Conservation and Environmental Acts: Protection of canal-side conservation areas and sites of scientific interest.

Design and Energy Analysis

1. Ventilation Requirements

• Utilization of CIBSE Guide A for recommended ventilation rates per person.
• Calculation of ventilation needs based on building occupancy and floor area.

Heat Gain and Loss Analysis

• Assessment of internal heat gains from occupants, equipment, and solar radiation.
• Calculation of fabric heat loss and infiltration heat loss to optimize building energy performance.

Heating and Cooling Energy Consumption

• Determination of monthly heating and cooling energy demands.
• Analysis of peak heating and cooling demands to size systems efficiently.

Electrical Demand Profile

• Development of annual electricity demand profiles based on operational needs.

Water Requirements and Drainage

• Compliance with building regulations for water usage, sanitation, and drainage.

Noise Levels

• Assessment of permissible noise levels to ensure occupant comfort and regulatory compliance.

Recommendations and Conclusion

• Adoption of Passivhaus standards for enhanced energy efficiency.
• Implementation of building envelope improvements and shading strategies.
• Conclusion emphasizing the importance of sustainable design principles in reducing carbon emissions and promoting indoor comfort.

Key Learnings and Impact

• Application of renewable energy engineering principles to real-world building design.
• Expertise in energy analysis, regulatory compliance, and sustainable building services.
• Contribution towards reducing environmental impact through innovative design solutions.

Leveraging Renewable Energy for Sustainable Building: A Case Study

Efficiency in building energy usage is paramount in achieving sustainability goals. For the Wilts and Berks Canal Trust (WBCT), the reopening of canals to boaters, pedestrians, and cyclists necessitates additional Visitor Centers. One such center, located near Royal Wootton Bassett, Swindon, underwent an extensive analysis of its energy dynamics and requirements to become energy-independent through renewable sources.

1. Introduction

The chosen site for the visitor center presents an opportunity to integrate renewable energy technologies effectively. The project's core objective is to minimize energy losses and optimize energy utilization, aligning with national and local regulations promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy targets.

2. Energy Consumption Analysis

The initial stage report delved into various factors influencing the building's energy profile. This included assessing occupancy levels, ventilation needs, lighting demands, and electrical consumption. Detailed calculations were performed to estimate heat gain, heat loss, and energy requirements for heating and cooling throughout the year.

3. Feasibility of Photovoltaic Technology

To achieve energy independence, photovoltaic (PV) technology emerged as a primary solution. A rooftop PV system was proposed, leveraging solar energy to generate electricity throughout the year, even during winter months. The system's design and capacity were meticulously calculated to meet the center's energy demands.

4. Integration of Low-Carbon Technologies

In addition to PV technology, low-carbon solutions such as air source heat pumps (ASHPs), mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) systems, and solar water heaters were evaluated. ASHPs coupled with underfloor heating were recommended for efficient heating and cooling, while MVHR systems ensured optimal indoor air quality with minimal energy loss.

5. Economic and Environmental Implications

The project's economic viability was assessed through detailed cost-benefit analyses and payback period calculations. Despite the initial capital investment, the long-term savings and environmental benefits of these renewable technologies were emphasized.

6. Environmental Performance and Benefits

By adopting renewable energy systems, the project aims to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed PV system alone is expected to save substantial CO2 emissions over its operational lifetime, contributing to local and national climate targets.

7. Recommendations for Enhanced Sustainability

To maximize energy efficiency and sustainability, recommendations included regular maintenance of renewable energy systems, implementation of energy management practices, and utilization of passive solar design strategies.

Conclusion

The integration of renewable energy technologies into the visitor center's design not only ensures energy independence but also demonstrates a commitment to sustainable building practices. Through meticulous planning and analysis, this project serves as a model for leveraging renewable energy for a greener future.